California families with infants and toddlers face economic strain and emotional stress
Since 2022, RAPID has been asking California parents of young children about their family’s economic circumstances, well-being, use of child care, and more. This multi-year, statewide survey aims to better understand the experiences of California families with children under age 6, lift up parent voices, and promote data-informed policies and programs that support families.
Download the complete fact sheet for direct quotes from survey participants and more.
The survey includes questions designed to better understand the economic circumstances of families with young children. This includes asking parents about experiences of material hardship. RAPID measures material hardship as difficulty in the last month affording basic needs, such as food, housing, utilities, child care, healthcare, and activities that support well-being (e.g., counseling). Consistent access to basic needs contributes to the stable home environments and the economic well-being that supports healthy development of young children and their families.
In this fact sheet, we share what we’ve learned specifically about the experiences and well-being of California families with infants and toddlers (defined as birth through age 3). We focus on these early years because they are a critical period in children’s and families’ lives that builds the lifelong foundation for physical health, emotional well-being, and positive development.
These data were gathered from California families with infants and toddlers across the state between November 2022 and September 2024
A third of California families with infants and toddlers have difficulty meeting basic needs
Economic well-being is critical to families’ ability to access essentials, like food and housing, and other resources that support the healthy, positive development of children. To understand family economic well-being, we ask California parents with young children about experiences of material hardship. In our September 2024 analysis, 35% of California families with infants and toddlers report difficulty affording at least one area of basic need.
More than two in three (68%) California parents of infants and toddlers report feeling moderate-to-extreme stress about paying for basic needs. This high rate of hardship is concerning, as parents’ economic stress can interfere with the ability to provide responsive caregiving during a critical period of bonding and child and family development.
Furthermore, in other analyses, RAPID data has consistently shown a chain reaction of hardship. That is, as parents’ experiences of hardship increase, they are also more likely to report emotional distress (higher levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness), which, in turn, is associated with an increase in emotional distress in their young children.
Among California parents of infants and toddlers, we see the very highest rates of material hardship in lower-income families (70%). The most prevalent categories of material hardship among lower-income families are housing, utilities, and food.
California parents of infants and toddlers reporting material hardship, by federal poverty level (FPL)
The majority of California parents with infant and toddlers experience emotional distress
RAPID also asks parents of young children about their levels of emotional distress. We measure emotional distress as a composite of four experiences: stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness.* More than two in three (67%) California parents of infants and toddlers reported experiencing emotional distress in September 2024. Among parents who report experiencing emotional distress, stress is the most prevalent symptom (50%), followed by anxiety (45%), loneliness (42%), and depression (36%).
Additionally, we see these high rates of emotional distress across all income levels with 72% of parents in lower-income households, 68% of parents in higher-income households, and 62% of parents in middle-income households experiencing some form of emotional distress.
To understand parents’ experiences, we also ask parents how often in the past week they feel hopeful about the future. About one in four (24%) California parents of infants and toddlers say they rarely or seldom feel hopeful about the future. Lower-income parents of infants and toddlers were the most likely to report rarely or seldom feeling hopeful (36%), as compared to middle- and higher-income parents (8% and 26%, respectively).
* RAPID measures anxiety by asking parents how often they felt “nervous, anxious, or on edge” or couldn’t control worrying. RAPID measures depression by asking how often parents had “little interest or pleasure in doing things” or felt “down, depressed, or hopeless.” RAPID measures loneliness and stress by asking how often parents felt lonely or stressed.
California parents of infants and toddlers reporting emotional distress, overall
Many California families with infants and toddlers have social support, but more can be done to help parents with very young children
Emotional support is a powerful buffer against the negative effects of material hardship on family emotional well-being. To understand families’ access to support, we ask: “In the last week, when you felt overwhelmed or stressed as a parent, did you get the support you needed?” Many California parents of infants and toddlers in all income levels report getting the support they need when feeling overwhelmed or stressed. More than half (54%) of California parents of infants and toddlers say they are somewhat or moderately supported, and one in five (21%) parents are extremely supported.
However, 25% of California parents of infants and toddlers report feeling only slightly or not at all supported.
A substantial percentage of parents (80%) also say they could benefit from additional parenting resources and supports on how best to promote their child’s development.
Conclusion
Given the high rates of material hardship and emotional distress parents of infants and toddlers in California are reporting, there is a need to ensure parents and families of young children receive early and necessary support. Emotional well-being and economic stability are essential for providing supportive, responsive caregiving, which is core to the positive and healthy development of young children.
RAPID data has shown that there are actions that can successfully address families’ experiences of material hardship and reduce the challenges parents of young children are experiencing. Economic supports like the expanded Child Tax Credit payments and other pandemic-era federal relief programs protected families from both material hardship and the negative impacts of material hardship on family emotional well-being. Together with the insights parents shared in their responses to RAPID’s open-ended questions, these data can inform policies and programs to better support our country’s youngest children and their families.
Download the complete fact sheet for direct quotes from survey participants and more.